Serpent and Booted Eagle Conservation

March 29th, 2008


Large raptors are often species of high conservation concern, and this is particularly true for the serpent and booted eagle groups. We are reviewing the status and conservation of these eagles. Because so little is known or published for many of the species in these groups we are seeking comment from other researchers and conservationists with knowledge of these species, particularly those that are not well known.

Eagle taxonomy is changing. We considered 61 eagle species in the (current and historical) genera: Eutriorchis, Spilornis, Pithecophaga, Terathopius, Circaetus, Dryotriorchis, Nisaetus, Stephanoatus, Spizaetus, Hieraaetus, Polemaetus, Lophaetus, Ictinaetus, and Aquila. We recorded, in parentheses, the old names for genera/species to avoid confusion. Our main aim was to assemble information that would be useful for conservation. Phylogeny and taxonomy for us are tools of conservation, and their main function are to identify genetic assemblages (species) upon which most conservation is based, and to promote communication between researchers and conservationists. Some of the species we list are not recognized as valid by others.

The primary sources of information for our review were the Global Raptor Information Network (GRIN)(The Peregrine Fund, Inc http://www.globalraptors.org/grin/indexAlt.asp), the IUCN Red List Database (http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/search-expert.php), Raptors of the World (ROW)(Ferguson-Lees et al 2001), and Birds of the World (BOW) (del Hoyo et al 1999). Other published and unpublished information were used.

Table 1 summarizes our results on species status and population estimates and trends. We are seeking comment on these data from other researchers and conservationists. If you have a comment, correction or addition to our table, please fill in the appropriate boxes below. Eventually, we hope to publish these data in the peer-reviewed literature. We will acknowledge all who have contributed to the final manuscript. We may contact you for clarification of the information you provide. Thank you.

Notes for the table:
Distribution: “Continental (C), Large Island (LI) or Small Island (SI)
Estimated Population Size: Number of individuals) [GRIN unless otherwise noted]

Critically Endangered or Endangered
Species English Name Status IUCN Status GRIN Trend Distribution Estimated Population Size
Eutriorchis astur* Madagascar Serpent Eagle EN EN Down LI 101 -1000
Spilornis [c.] perplexus* Ryukyu Serpent Eagle EN Stable SI 163 - 387
Spilornis [c.] baweanus* Bawean Serpent Eagle CE Down SI 11 - 100
Pithecophaga jefferyi* Philippine Eagle CE CE Down LI 101 - 1000
Nisaetus (Spizaetus) floris* Flores Hawk Eagle EN CE Down LI 1626 -3875
Nisaetus (Spizaetus) bartelsi* Javan Hawk Eagle EN EN Down LI 11 - 100; < 100 pairs4
Nisaetus (Spizaetus) philippensis* Philippine Hawk Eagle VU EN Down LI/SI 101 - 1000; 200 - 220 pairs1
Nisaetus (Spizaetus) pinskeri* Pinsker???s Hawk Eagle EN Down LI/SI 1001 - 10000; 320 - 340 pairs2
Aquila (Lophaetus) hastata * Indian Spotted Eagle VU EN Down C 1626 -3875
Near-threatened or Vulnerable
Species English Name Status IUCN Status GRIN Trend Distribution Estimated Population Size
Spilornis elgini* Andaman Serpent Eagle NT CD ? SI 1626 -3875
Spilornis [c.] minimus* Central Nicobar Serpent Eagle DD ? SI 11 -100
Spilornis [c.] abbotti* Simeulue Serpent Eagle DD ? SI 101 - 1000
Spilornis [c.] asturinus* Nias Serpent Eagle DD ? SI 101 - 1000
Spilornis [c.] sipora* Mentawai Serpent Eagle DD ? SI 1626 -3875
Spilornis [c.] natunensis* Natuna Serpent Eagle DD ? SI 101 - 1000
Spilornis klossi* Great Nicobar Serpent Eagle NT NT Down SI 163 - 387
Spilornis kinabaluensis* Kinabalu Serpent Eagle VU VU Down SI 1626 -3875
Terathopius ecaudatus* Bateleur Eagle LC NT ? C 15251 - 38750
Circaetus beaudouini* Beaudouin’s Snake Eagle VU DD Down C 1001 - 10000
Circaetus fasciolatus* Southern Banded Snake Eagle NT NT Up C 1001 - 10000
Nisaetus (Spizaetus) nanus (2) Wallace’s Hawk Eagle VU VU Down C/LI 1626 -3875
Nisaetus (Spizaetus) kelaarti* Legge’s Hawk Eagle VU/NT Down C/SI < 1000 adult individuals3
Spizaetus (Oroaetus) isidori* Isidor’s Eagle (Black and Chestnut Eagle) NT NT ? C 1626 -3875
Polemaetus bellicosus* Martial Eagle LC NT Down C 10001 -100000
Aquila (Lophoaetus) clanga* Greater Spotted Eagle VU VU Down C 15251 - 38750
Aquila heliaca* Eastern Imperial Eagle VU VU Down C 1001 - 10000
Aquila gurneyi* Gurney’s Eagle NT NT Up? LI/C 1001 - 10000
Aquila adalbert*i Spanish Imperial Eagle VU VU Stable C 101 -1000
Lower Risk or Least Concern
Species English Name Status IUCN Status GRIN Trend Distribution Estimated Population Size
Spilornis cheela (14) Crested Serpent Eagle LC LR ? C/LI/SI 100001 - 1000000
Spilornis holospilus* Philippine Serpent Eagle LC DD ? LI/SI 15251 - 38750
Spilornis rufipectus (2) Sulawesi Serpent Eagle LC LR ? LI/SI 10001 -100000
Dryotriorchis spectabilis (2) Congo Serpent Eagle LC DD ? C 15251 - 38750
Circaetus gallicus * Short-toed Eagle LC LR Stable? C 10001 -100000
Circaetus pectoralis* Black breasted Snake Eagle LC DD ? C 112501 - 387500
Circaetus cinereus* Brown Snake Eagle LC DD ? C 10001 -100000
Circaetus cinerascens* Western Banded Snake Eagle LC DD ? C 1001 - 10000
Nisaetus (Spizaetus) lanceolatus* Sulawesi Hawk Eagle LC DD ? LI/SI 15251 - 38750
Nisaetus (Spizaetus) cirrhatus (5) Changeable Hawk Eagle LC LR ? C/SI 10001 -100000
Nisaetus (Spizaetus) nipalensis (2) Mountain Hawk Eagle LC DD ? C/LI 15251 - 38750
Nisaetus (Spizaetus) alboniger* Blyth’s Hawk Eagle LC DD Down? C/LI 1001 - 10000
Spizaetus tyrannus (2) Black Hawk Eagle LC LR ? C 100000 - 1000000
Spizaetus (Spizastur) melanoleucus* Black and white Hawk Eagle LC LR ? C 10001 -100000
Spizaetus ornatus (2) Ornate Hawk Eagle LC LR Down C 15251 - 38750
Stephanoatus coronatus* Crowned Hawk Eagle LC LR Down C 15251 - 38750
Lophotriorchis (Hieraaetus) kienerii (2) Rufous-bellied Eagle LC LR ? C 15251 - 38750
Aquila (Lophoaetus) occipitalis* Long-crested Eagle LC LR ? C 112501 - 387500
Aquila (Ictinaetus) malayensis* Black Eagle LC LR Stable C 10001 -100000
Aquila (Lophoaetus) pomarina* Lesser Spotted Eagle LC LR Down C 112501 - 387500; 15000 pairs in Europe5
Aquila (Hieraaetus) wahlbergi* Wahlberg’s Eagle LC LR Stable C 100001 - 1000000
Aquila (Hieraaetus) ayresii* Ayres’s Hawk Eagle LC DD ? C 1001 - 10000
Aquila (Hieraaetus) pennata* Booted Eagle LC LR ? C 10001 - 100000
Aquila (Hieraaetus) morphnoides* Little Eagle LC LR Stable? C 10001 - 100000
Aquila (Hieraaetus) weiskei * Pygmy / Weiske’s Eagle DD ? LI/SI NOT ESTIMATED
Aquila nipalensis (2) Steppe Eagle LC LR ? C 100001 - 1000000
Aquila rapax (3) Tawny Eagle LC LR Stable C 100001 - 1000000
Aquila chrysaetos (6) Golden Eagle LC LR Stable C 100001 - 1000000
Aquila verreauxii* Verreaux’s Eagle LC LR Stable C 10001 -100000
Aquila audax (2) Wedge-tailed Eagle LC LR Stable C 100000 - 1000000
Aquila (Spizaetus) africana* Cassin’s Hawk Eagle LC LR ? C 15251 - 38750
Aquila (Hieraaetus) fasciata (2) Bonelli’s Eagle LC LR ? C 10001 -100000
Aquila (Hieraaetus) spilogaster* African Hawk Eagle LC LR ? C 112501 - 387500

* = monotypic, () = number of subspecies 1 Gamauf et al. 2005, 2 Preleuthner & Gamauf 1998, 3 Gjershaug in prep 4 Gjershaug 2006.

4 Responses to “Serpent and Booted Eagle Conservation”

  1. Sameh Darawshi


    March 29th, 2008 at 1:58 pm

    I have no data that claims other than what is written in your summary or adds to it, except for trend.

    I am studying now Short-toed Eagles in the Judean slopes-Israel since 2005, and comparing the data i found with that of Beni Meir in the 80′’s in the same area, we see noticeable increase in the Short-toed Eagle population and nesting density in that area. At other parts of Israel, there is no sufficient data, but at least no decrease is noticed.

    Best regards
    Sameh Darawshi

  2. Gunawan


    March 31st, 2008 at 4:21 am

    I’m studying about crested serpent’s eagle in Gunungkidul area, Yogyakarta since 2005. This is vey inteesting, because Gunungkidl is the one of the most extreem area in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, because there are very dry and no many trees can grow.
    I think its the first research about the species in this area. Till now, I found 6 nests of this species.
    Chick stolen and nests disturb by local people ussualy happen in the breeding season.
    I found the broken egg that caused by local people that made the fire under the nest’s tree. And in another case I found the chick that stole by local people, but I can do nothing because I have to pay. I have a short film about this case, but I don’t know how to share the film.

  3. Administrator


    April 21st, 2008 at 9:00 am

    Hello Gunawan, Would you then say that human disturbance of nests is a large negative impact on the local crested eagle population?

  4. Gunawan


    July 5th, 2008 at 4:36 am

    I’m sorry to late to response this email.
    I think so that human disturbance of nest is a large negative impact on this species.
    And maybe, because this is a extreme area so not many species can survive.
    From the information that I know, there only serpent eagle, Indian black eagle, changeable hawk eagle and some species of falcon that live in this area. But only serpent eagle that very common. I never seen Indian black eagle in this area.
    The data from jogja rescue center show that 23% from 88 individu of raptor that came in to the center is crested serpent eagle. All of the individu came from the owners

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